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17. Royalty, deities or others unidentified

A. King or god seated

The commonest type has a figure with pointed crown or helmet, holding a staff or spear sceptre, seated on a chair or sphinx throne, and raising a hand towards a flaming incense-burner. The type of incense-burner and sphinx-throne makes the context purely Phoenician, although we find the scheme used also for Egyptian-type deities. Culican, AJBA 1 (1968) 57-62, takes the figure for Baal, with the iconography deriving from Egypt, and the figure's broad sleeves possibly the result of Persian dress influence. The type is further discussed in Gubel, Furn passim. It is clearly one that was already well established in the Syro-Phoenician area before the Persian period, and accordingly remains popular there in other materials. Some figures are goddesses, wholly egyptianizing but to varying degrees including Levantine elements that suggest an attempt at some local identity, generally taken to be Astarte: E. Gubel, RA+SJ 8 (1980) 1-17; Studia Phoenicia 1 (1983) 52 on fig. 17 (de Clercq no. 2756).

West

17/1 Ibiza no. 67 (Barcelona 9346). Gubel, Furn no. 16. BH;EXnb;PB. Sphinx throne; holding papyrus sceptre; disc-and-crescent above. V

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17/2 Ibiza no. 68 (Madrid 36542). Gubel, Furn no. 17. BH;EXnb;PB; on a silver hoop B. As the last but with palm-leaf sceptre. III

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17/3 Ibiza no. 69 (Ibiza 4728). Gubel, Furn no. 98. BH;EXO. IV

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17/4 Ibiza no. 70 (Moreno 2). Gubel, Furn no. 97. BL;EXnb. Disc-and-crescent above. V

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17/5 Ibiza no. 71. Gubel, Furn no. 133. BH;EXO. IV

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17/6 Ibiza no. 72. Gubel, Furn no. 119. BL. IV

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17/7 Tharros pl. 58a (BM ANE 133320), London no. 375. Gubel, Furn no. 142. On gold hoop . BH;EXO. III

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17/8 Tharros pl. 58b (BM ANE 133689), London no. 376. Gubel, Furn no. 18. BH; EXnb. Sphinx throne; holding spear sceptre; winged disc above. V

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17/9 Cagliari. NBAS 2 (1985) 195, fig. 3 (Acquaro).

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17/10 Cagliari 22, from Tharros. BH. Summary. IV

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17/11 Cagliari 19764, from Tharros. AG pl. 15.4; RSF 17 (1989) pl. 12c (Acquaro); Gubel, Furn no. 153. BH;EXnb. Folding stool; shoulders axe; star and disc-and-crescent above. V

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17/12 Cagliari 9504 (Spano 64), from Tharros. NBAS 2 (1985) 195, fig. 4 (as 19765; Acquaro).BH. III

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17/13 Cagliari 19765, from Tharros. BH. Star above. IV

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17/14 Cagliari 9496 (Spano 27), from Tharros. BL;EXCR. Summary; two stars above; small figure beyond the burner. II

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17/15 Cagliari 9473 (Spano 23), from Tharros. BL;EXCR. Summary; star above. IV

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17/16 Spano Coll., from Tharros. Abr Nahran 2 (1960/1) fig. 1c (Culican); Marmora, pl. B 78; Gubel, Furn no. 141; Hölbl, Sard no. 115. BH;EXO. Star above. V

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17/17 Sclavo Coll., from Tharros. Ebers, pl. G 46. BH;EXO. Star above. III

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17/18 Sclavo Coll., from Tharros. Ebers, pl. F 8. BL. Goddess? III

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17/19 Spano Coll. Ebers, pl. H 63; Gubel, Furn no. 143. BL. Figure on stool, flat headdress, with staff (?). IV

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17/20 Spano Coll., from Tharros. Marmora, pl. A 40; Hölbl, Sard no. 40. BL;EXnb. Disc headdress; khnum sceptre; incense-burner.

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17/21 Sassari, from Tharros (Chessa). NBAS 2 (1985) 197, fig. 5 (Acquaro). BH;EXO.

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17/22 Biggio pl. 19.1, from Sulcis. Gubel, Furn no. 19. BH;EXnb. Sphinx throne; spear sceptre; winged disc above.

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17/23 Milan (once Busacchi), from Tharros. BAS 4, 97, pl. 2.25; Abr Nahran 2 (1960/1) fig. 1e (Culican); Gubel, Furn no. 58. BH;EXnb. Winged disc above. V

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17/24 Carthage no. 584. Gubel, Furn no. 130. BH;EXO. IV

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17/25 Carthage no. 586. Gubel, Furn no. 131. BH;EXO. V

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17/26 Tunis Museum. BH;EXnb. Disc-and-crescent above.

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17/27 Monte Sirai II, pl. 48.4, 121, no. 103, fig. 6, tomb 11; Saggi Fenici I, pl. 6.9 (Bondi); Gubel, Furn no. 151; Studia Punica 10 (1996) fig. 8.9 (Moscati). BL;EXCR. III

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17/28 Malibu, from Sicily? IR no. 112; Gubel, Furn no. 28. BL;EXnb. Sphinx throne, disc-and-crescent above. III

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East

17/29 London market, from Asia Minor. BL;EXCR. Summary. II

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17/30 Nicosia D 11 (Myres 4581), from Marion, tomb 10. JHS 11 (1890) 54, fig. 1 (Myres); AJBA 1 (1968) 57, fig. 2 (Culican); Gubel, Furn no. 12; Reyes, no. 110. BH;EXnb; on a gilt bronze hoop. On a sphinx-throne holding a spear sceptre; winged disc above. III

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17/31 Paris, Bibl.Nat., de Clercq no. 2759, pl. 18 (E 25915). Gubel, Furn no. 75. EXCR; in silver mount. Summary. II

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17/32 Paris, Bibl.Nat., de Clercq no. 2758, pl. 18 (E25908). RSJ 8 (1980) pl. 2.1-2 (Gubel); Gubel, Furn no. 70. BL; in a gold mount. Holds axe and palm sceptre; disc-and-crescent above. VI

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17/33 Paris, Bibl.Nat., de Clercq no. 2757, pl. 18, from Byblos (E25916). Gubel, Furn no. 6; Biblo pl. 5.14 (Gubel). BL;EXZ. Sphinx throne, holding incense cones?; incense-burner; winged disc above. VI

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17/34 Paris, Bibl.Nat., de Clercq no. 2755, pl. 18 (E 25919). Gubel, Furn no. 74. BL;EXO. Head not clear. III

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Other

17/35 Paris, Louvre AO.11088. BH;EXO. Crude. II

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17/36 Hänggi Coll., Basel (once von Bissing). Hornung/Stehelin, pl. 104.921; Gubel, Furn no. 60. EXnb. Winged disc above.

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17/37 Liverpool 53.114.411. BH;EXCR. Star above. V

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17/38 London no. 282, pl. 6. Gubel, Furn no. 57. BH;EXnb; on a gold hoop. Winged disc above. III

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17/39 Paris, BN 1056. Lajard, pl. 68.27; AJBA 1 (1968) 61, fig. 3 (Culican); Gubel, Furn no. 117. BL;EXCR. Disc-and-crescent above; eye (?) beyond burner. VI

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17/40 New York, Rosen 192. BH;EXCR;PB. Star above. IV

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17/41 Monte Carlo Market. Hotel Hermitage, 13.11.82, no. 509; Syria 62 (1985) 184, fig. 9. BL;EXCR. Leaf sceptre; disc-and-crescent above. II

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17/42 Switzerland, private (W/B no. 696). BL;EXnb. Sphinx throne. Disc-and-crescent above. III

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B. As Type A, but without the burner.

West

17/43 Pres. Ena Coll., from Tharros. Marmora, pl. A 23; Gubel, Furn no. 169; Hölbl, Sard no. 243. BL;EXnb. King seated holding sceptre (?), before him a figure kills (sacrifices) a quadruped over an altar or table, cutting its throat. Above, star and winged disc. VI

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17/44 Cav. Grixoni Coll., from Tharros. Marmora, pl. B 79. BL;Exnb. King on stool with staff, before him a small dressed figure.

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17/45 Spano Coll., from Tharros. Culican, fig. 1d; Marmora, pl. A 29; Gubel, Furn no. 24; Hölbl, Sard no. 112. BL;EXnb. King seated on winged sphinx throne; holding a waz sceptre, a spear beside it. His crown has uraei fore and aft. V

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17/45 bis Private collection (C. Wagner), Oxford; Internet auction: Ebay, 18 Aug, 2011 (Antiquities Unlimited, Ferryside, United Kingdom); previously W. G. Lambert. BH;EXnb. King seated on winged sphinx throne; holding a spear sceptre. A crescent moon above.

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17/46 Cagliari, from Tharros (Cara). NBAS 2 (1985) 195, fig. 2 (Acquaro). BH;EXnb. Sphinx throne; cap with tassel; spear sceptre.

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17/47 vacat

17/48 Spano Coll., from Tharros. BAS 9, 14. 'Two priests seated before altars.'

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C. Figures standing before incense-burner

Usually holding a staff or spear, as in Type A.

West

17/49 Ibiza no. 64 (Ibiza 4380). C. Bonnet, Melqart (1988) pl. 5.16r. BL;EXCR. King shoulders axe(?). V

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17/50 Ibiza no. 65 (Barcelona 9385). BL. II/III

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17/51 Ibiza no. 66 (Madrid 36993). BL;EXnb. II/III

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17/52 Cagliari 19770, from Tharros. BL;EXnb; in gold hoop B. A figure in pointed cap at either side of a burner; winged disc above. VI

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17/53 Cagliari 19769, from Tharros. BH;EXnb; in silver hoop B. As the last; crescent above. II/VI

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17/54 Cagliari 19768, from Tharros. BH. Holds spear, short dress, no headdress. VI

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17/55 Tharros pl. 55a (BM ANE 133721), London no. 386, pl. 7. Hölbl, Sard no. 131. BH; double ground line. Long-haired figure holding staff with flower top and a hand raised. III

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17/56 Carthage no. 617. BH;EXO. Short dress; holds vase? and animal-head sceptre. III

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East

17/57 Lajard, pl. 68.26. BH;EXnb. Holds flower and spear sceptre, star above. VI

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17/58 Impression, once Seyrig. BL;EXO. Summary figure before burner.

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17/59 Nicosia 1934.1-15.4, from Salamis. Reyes, no. 112. BL. Crude figure. Possibly before a throne; crescents above and below.

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Other

17/60 Paris, BN 1082. BL;EXnb. Two pointed-hat figures facing burner at one side; disc-and-crescent above. II/VI

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D. In naiskos or on boat

West

17/61 Cagliari 19725, from Tharros. AG pl. 15.3; Gubel, Furn no. 140; Hölbl, Sard no. 116. BL;EXnb. Columns with triple leaf mouldings; the lintel carries a winged disc; within, a seated figure holding a spear staff, hand raised. V

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East

17/62 London, BM ANE 103301 (67.9-15.98), from Beirut. BH. Top half missing. Seated between plants; the boat with lotus terminals. VI

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Other materials

Types A, B

West

17/X1 Madrid 28561(?71), from Aliseda. Almagro-Gorbea, no. 144; RSF 21 (1993) Suppl. pl. 5.1; Gubel, Furn no. 90; Nicolini, pl. 95.148. Amethyst. BL;EXV; in gold mount with volutes, and variant hoop C. Male and female figures, crowned, seated facing each other, holding spear sceptres, hands raised, a palmette tree between them, which is attended by rampant wingless griffins; winged disc above. Early.

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17/X2 Carthage no. 711. Gubel, Furn no. 15. Banded white stone. EXnb; in a gold mount. Sphinx throne.

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17/X3 Carthage no. 671. Gubel, Furn no. 166. Cornelian. BL;EXO. waz sceptre; winged disc above.

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17/X4 Carthage no. 326. Gubel, Furn no. 168. Green glass. BL.

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17/X5 Karthago III, no. 151. Clay bulla. Cf. no. 153, and no. 148, in different style, with parasol and flying bird.

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17/X6 Cagliari 19820 (Castagnino). Gubel, Furn no. 21. Agate. Sphinx throne; spear sceptre.

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East

17/X7 Karam Coll., Beirut. AJBA 1 (1968) 59, pl, 2a,c (Culican); Gubel, Furn no. 9. Clay bulla. EXCR. With spear sceptre on sphinx throne, faced by a figure in short dress holding a khnum sceptre and jug. Above, disc-and-crescent and winged disc.

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17/X8 Unknown, from Phoenicia. Gubel, Furn no. 165. Material? BL;EXZ. Spear sceptre; disc-and-crescent above. From near Sidon.

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17/X9 Byblos II, pl. 198.6950. Gubel, Furn no. 129. Haematite. BH;EXO. As Type A, star above.

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17/X10 Private, Beirut, bought in Lebanon. Semitica 47 (1998) 58-60, fig. 3 (Gubel). Clay bulla. EXnb(?). On a sphinx throne; disc-and-crescent above.

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17/X11 Once Aleppo, Marcopoli Coll., from Akerbat, Syria. Gubel, Furn no. 77. Agate scaraboid. BL;EX with lion. Attendant in short dress holds out disc (bread?) over incense-burner; star, disc-and-crescent and winged disc above.

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17/X12 From Akerbat (between Homs and Palmyra). Mélanges... Saint-Joseph 7 (1914-21) 181-185, fig. 8. Agate (Ronzevalle). In gold mount. With tall crown, hands raised before an incense-burner; beyond it a dressed man holding out a wreath (?). Above, disc-and-crescent, a star, and winged sun disc. In the exergue a lion.

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Other

17/X13 London BM ANE 134360. London no. 283, pl. 6; Zazoff, pl. 20.11; Gubel, Furn no. 20. Agate. BL;EXnb. Sphinx throne; disc above.

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17/X14 London, UCL. Abr-Nahran 2 (1960-1) 45, fig. 2 (Culican); Gubel, Furn no. 113. Cornelian. BH;EXnb. As Type A, star and winged disc above; elaborated burner.

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17/X15 Kassel no. 20, pl. 89 (II.25). Tassie, no. 422; AG pl. 15.2; Zazoff, pl. 20.10; Gubel, Furn no. 31. Cornelian. BL;EXCR. Winged disc above.

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17/X16 Berlin VA 9717. Gubel, Furn no. 8. Agate cone. EXnb. Sphinx throne; spear sceptre; attendant; winged disc above. The shape is Babylonian/Persian.

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17/X17 Unknown, impression in Oxford. 'Plasma'. BL;EXCR. Sphinx throne; spear sceptre.

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17/X18 Stosch, sulphur; Tassie, no. 425. BL. With pointed crown on a block seat, shouldering an axe, hand raised.

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Type C

17/X19 Ibiza no. 231 (Madrid 36967). Cornelian ringstone. BL;EXO. Stands, with pointed helmet, long dress (and cape?), shouldering axe.

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Type D

17/X20 Cagliari 9454 (Spano), from Tharros. Marmora, pl. A 22; Ebers, pl. F 13; AJBA 1 (1968) 65, fig. 4 (Culican); RPA 49 (1976/7) 51-2, fig. 9 (Moscati); CRAI 1987, 494, fig. 10 (Moscati); Gubel, Furn no. 25; Hölbl, Sard no. 113, pl. 153; Homenaje Blazquez II (1994) fig. 1. Cornelian. BL:EXO; in gold hoop B. Columns with triple leaf mouldings; hatched lintel with disc-and-uraei, below cavetto with uraei; winged disc above. Within, seated figure with pointed headdress on sphinx throne, holding spear staff; at either side, pointed hat attendants with crook and jug. Ground line, vertically-hatched (the usual Egyptian pattern), linked lotus and bud below.

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17/X21 Private, Beirut, bought in Lebanon. Semitica 47 (1998) 60-62, fig. 4 (Gubel). Clay bulla, from scarab in metal mount (?). EXnb(?). Figure with pointed headdress on sphinx throne before incense-burner. Columns with leaf mouldings; lintel with winged disc below uraei; disc above.

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